> Understanding Measurement

Physics as a master mechanic-hydraulic-fluid mechanics, heavy equipment
measurements require very careful to symptoms
studied can be explained (and predictable) accurately. Actually
measurement is not only absolutely necessary for physics, but also for fields
other sciences, including the application of such knowledge. In other words, no
theory, principles, and laws in natural science that can be
accepted unless accompanied by the results of accurate measurements.

What is a measurement? To find out things
, consider the following descriptions: for example you with your friends
measured the length of the table with hand span. Results
measurements were performed using inch units. For example, if
use your hand span, then the result is the same length of table
with 25 inch arms.

However, if using inch units
your friend's hand so that the same long table with 23 inch arms.
The difference these results suggest that the measurement result depends
the units used. Thus the measurement is defined
as a process of comparing a quantity to other quantities
(A) used as a unit. The unit is comparable in
measurements.

In the above activities, which measure the length of the table that otherwise
with numbers, then the length of the scale. So everything
can be measured and expressed as the number or value is called scale.
For example, table length is 100 centimeters, the length is
scale with 100 as the value and centimeters as units, or
mass table was 20 kilograms, then the mass is the scale with 20
as the value and the kilogram as a unit. Magnitude is `something
can be measured and expressed as the number or value and has units.
The unit is comparable in the measurement.

The measurement is to compare something with something
Another is regarded as a benchmark. So in the measurement there are two
The main factor is the comparison and benchmark (standard). In our junior class 1
have studied the subject of measurement. Here we will only
repeat part of it, to refresh our understanding of
what's contained in the measurement.

READ MORE - > Understanding Measurement

> Quantities and units

The properties of an object or event that we measured, for example
body length, body mass, the length of time running around a
field called the scale, what scale we can measure from a
book?

In a book, we can measure the mass, length, width, and
thick book. How do we express the results of measuring the length of the book?
For example, a book length equal to 25 inches; centimeters called
unit of length scale. The mass of books equal to 1 kilogram, kilograms
called the unit of mass scale. So always follow the scale unit,
never before him.

In our society there is sometimes
units that are not standard or non-standard, such as unit length
selected fathoms or span. The unit is not standard because it does not have
same size for different people. One inch of adult
another with one inch of the children. That is why the span and not depa
used as a standard unit of measurement physics.

Are the conditions that must be possessed of a unit that can be a unit
standard? Some of the main requirements are as follows:

1. Unit value should be fixed, either in hot or cold weather, for people
adults and for children, and to changes
other environments. For example, the span can not be used as a unit
default because different for each person, while
meter applies equally well to adults mapun children. By
therefore, the meter can be used as standard units.

2. Easily recoverable (easy to imitate), so that others who want to
use these units in measurement can
obtain it without much difficulty. Unit mass is kilogram,
easily be recovered by a comparison. Thus,
pounds can be used as standard units. Can we imagine,
how busy if a unit are difficult to make a replica so that the world
there is only one standard unit. Other people who want
measure the amount in question must use only
The standard units to obtain accurate results.

3. The unit must be internationally accepted. It deals with
interests of science and technology. By deterimanya a
unit as international units, the scientists from one country
can easily understand the measurement results from scientists in other countries.

Unit system most widely used around the world, which is valid
in interasional is the SI unit system, short for language
French Systeme International d'Unites. This system was proposed in the General
Conference on weights and Measures of the International Academy of
Science in 1960. In this unit system, there are seven scale
the so-called principal amount.

READ MORE - > Quantities and units

> The amount of principal and derivative

The amount of principal
The amount of principal is the amount that the unit has been defined prior
first. Seven basic quantities in the SI unit system are:
Length (meters)
Mass (kg)
Time (second)
Strong electric current (ampere)
Temperature (kelvin)
Light intensity (candela)
Amount of substance (mole)

Units such as meters, kilograms, and the second is already
defined first. What is the definition of units of
principal amount of these? In the following explanation will be presented definitions
of three basic quantities of length, mass, and time, while unit
Other quantities will be discussed when we discuss the subject
concerned with the amount of vine.

Long
The standard unit for length is the meter in the SI. System of units
based on the meter as a standard measurement system called
metric. At first, the meter is defined as one ten-millionth the distance
between equator and north pole of the earth is measured through the meridian
through the city of Paris. As a standard meter, was made a metal rod
platinum-iridium, which contained both ends of each stroke,
where the distance between two scratches are equal to 1 meter.

In 1960, a standard meter redefined as 1,650,763.73
times the wavelength in vacuum of the color spectrum
orange-red krypton-86 atoms. This is done to re-defining
increase the ease of a standard meter to be made replica, in addition to
to increase accuracy. However, even this definition does not re-
last long, only about 23 years. In 1983, one meter
defined as the distance traveled by light in vacuum during
1/299.792.458 second. With this last definition, complete meters as
standard units meet the requirements specified standard units in front.


Mass
The mass of an object is a number of substances contained in
an object. Mass units in the SI unit system is
kilogram. As a standard for the kilogram, the kilogram standard was made,
which is a metal cylinder made of platinum-iridium, which is now
This is stored in Sevres, near Paris. Initially one kilogram same
with a mass of 1000 cm ³ of pure water at a temperature where the density
maximum, which is 4 º C. But mistakes happen, because it turns out one
kilogram exactly is 1000.028 cm ³ of water.

In everyday conversation, we often confuse the sense mix
mass with weight, but they are different. Weight is the amount of
force experienced by objects due to gravity on the object. For
daily use, is not a confusion of terms
problem, but in physics or an exact science, the definition of mass
and weight should really be distinguished. Has units of mass and weight
different, mass has units of kilograms, while the weight has
Newton unit. The main difference between mass and weight
is that the masses do not depend on the place where the object is located,
while the weight depending on where the object is located. So the weight change
according to the place.

Left
Standard units for time are seconds, which was originally defined
1/86.400 day as the sun. But when scientists found that
solar day is reduced about 0.001 seconds every century, then the second
1/86.400 redefined as solar day in 1900. In
1967, the second was redefined as the time interval from 9192631770
oscillation of the radiation generated by transitions in cesium-133 atom. Tool
measuring time using a cesium atom is cesium atomic clock, which
have a very high accuracy, ie during the 3000 year only
have a second mistake.

The amount of derivatives.
Most of the values which we use in physics and sciences
terapannya (including fluid mechanics and hydraulics, and heavy equipment)
units have a combination of units
principal amount. Such quantities, which determined its unit
based on the principal amount of units, called the scale derivative.
Examples
of the magnitude of this derivative is the area of a square area. Same broad
length times width, where length and width are both
unit length. So vast is the quantity derived from
length scale multiplication with a scale length. Example: Other:
speed (distance divided by time), pressure (force divided by area), the volume of beam
(Length x width x height), discharge (volume divided by time). We know that
speed is the distance (scale length) divided by time. So speed
is a derivative quantity obtained by dividing the amount of
long with the amount of time.

How unit quantities derived from them? It is clear
that the units for the amount of derivatives in accordance with how the
derived quantities were obtained from a combination of basic quantities.

Because the same large scale multiplication of two long, then the unit area
together with the multiplication of two units of length, namely meter x meter = meter
square = m². The unit for speed is the unit of length divided by unit
time, ie meters per second = m / s. It is clear here that that the units
derivative quantities that follow describe the scale derivative. Unit
speed is m / s, mean speed equal to the length (distance) divided
time. The unit for volume is m beam, means the volume is the length
times the length times the length. Density has the units kg / m³, mean mass
type is the mass divided by volume.

READ MORE - > The amount of principal and derivative

> Introduction

Motor vehicles are one of the tools
transportation used by humans to move from
one place to another. Early 19th century's,
vehicle only functioned as a mere means of transportation, it's no wonder
if the manufacturing process has not been touched and aesthetic aspects
comfort. The important thing is the wheels can rotate, so that users can
achieve the goal with a shorter time.

Era of progress and development of automotive technology,
making life increasingly dynamic automotive world. This can be seen from
now motor vehicles not only as a means of transportation, but
developed into a means of creative and achievement, even
vehicles finally become a symbol of a person.
If viewed in terms of shape, the vehicle formerly only shaped
box with a purpose can be used for transporting goods or passengers.

But now, growing very varied forms of vehicles, namely
vehicle with an aerodynamic body, has many accessories and
completeness, and sometimes deliberately designed vehicles that have characteristics
typical of the manufacturer.

The materials used to make cars that time still
the form of wood, then turned into steel that has
good strength, but has a severe weight disadvantage.
Then shifted using eyser plate material, developing
using aluminum body, and present trends in body
fiberglass which has a very light weight.

READ MORE - > Introduction

> History of Vehicle Body

Around the year 1896 - 1910, the vehicle body is made of
timber to the chassis or body. It is still affected
horse-drawn carriage with the body at that time. Wood used to have
thickness of about 10 mm. Connections between components using
nails made of wrought iron. To the roof of the vehicle, there
which uses ordinary cloth, canvas cloth, but some are
using a timber with the aim that the body can be strong.

In 1921, Weymann introduce floor construction
which became the backbone of the other body components, such as wall
vehicles and vehicle seats. The floor is made of a material intentionally
strong, while other components can be made from components
light. Connection with a floor wall using a steel plate
bolted, and to eliminate the gap between the connection usually
used timber. The panels are made of cloth, canvas and exterior
using a skin. However, these materials have a short life.

After the vehicle demand increases, then
required a rapid process of making body and can be produced
mass. The development of metal technology was involved speeding
technology development vehicle body, where the iron can be processed and
formed by using a press machine.

New in 1927 (see figure 1.3) as a whole body
vehicle is made of metal, whereby the vehicle body consisting of
various components has been made of sheet plate formed /
pressed. With the development of metal processing methods are increasingly
increases, the production can also increase vehicle production.

Request a vehicle that continues to increase, causing
there is competition between firms in producing vehicles. Ahliahli
engineering body of each company trying to create the vehicle body
accordance with the needs, ergonomics and comfort and has for
driver and passenger.

The development of the body on the chassis technology from year to
also in progress. For example, wheeled vehicles
initially have a diameter that is not the same, the rear wheels is greater than
on the front wheel, the fingers are made of wood and metal-coated wheels
steel into the wheels that have used both rubber and metal rim
iron or aluminum. Even now no longer tire technology
tire wear in (tubeless tire) that is more secure and easy to use.

The roof of the vehicle (head lining) which was originally only made of
cloth, then shifts made of vinyl or plastic that is more
interesting shape and easy to clean. Assembly process was
relatively easy by using the adhesive (glue).

Passenger comfort in the drive to always
enhanced, for example, seating which has a spring and can be
set position, such as interior door trim, panels, dashboard
made of plastic vinyl or carpet floor that is easy even
cleaned. Steering system that used to use a stick to change
a steering wheel, shift lever to adjust the acceleration also
driver comfort and many other improvements.

Electrical systems also began to be developed. At first light
vehicles using oil, then developed using
acetylene (carbide) and now use a battery as a source of
electricity. Functions that used to light only as a means of lighting in
night, when this light is also used as a cue and ramburambu
in an effort to improve safety in driving.
The lights also be of interest for vehicle accessories
enhance the look of the vehicle.

The development of vehicle body, also plays an important role
in terms of vehicle capabilities. The first time the steam engine vehicles
Cugnot created, can only walk about 5 km / h, but when
These vehicles can run at speeds above 100 km / h
but still comfortable, safe and not noisy.

Most people probably only think that the speed depends on the engine, will
but this time people began to realize that the speed of the vehicle also
influenced by the stability of the vehicle as well as shape and surface of the body
vehicle. As in racing, aerodynamics of a vehicle
it is essential to achieve the speed and stability of the vehicle,
this is the case with ordinary vehicles, now becomes one body
one very important and always made the development.

READ MORE - > History of Vehicle Body

> Body Construction Vehicles

Car parts are divided into 2 major groups, namely the body and
chassis. Part of the vehicle body is formed in such a
way, (in general) made of metal plate (steel plate) which
thickness between 0.6 mm - 0.9 mm as a passenger or goods.

Chassis is part of the vehicle that serves as
sustaining the body and consists of the frame (frame), engine (engine), power train
(Energy transfer), wheels (the wheels), steering system (steering system),
suspension system (suspension system), brake system (brake system) and
Other completeness.

Based on the attachment of the body on frame construction, the
there are 2 types of vehicle body construction, ie composite construction
(Alone) and construction monocoq (attached).

Framework is attached to his place all the components
vehicle including the body. Framework must be strong, lightweight, sturdy and resistant
to vibration, or shock received from the condition of the road. Facebook
strong then there is a box truss construction, the shape of U or pipe, which
generally consists of two rods that elongate and connected
with a transverse section. In the early development of body technology
and the vehicle frame, body and frame are made separately
(Composite body) but lately the body and frame are made together
(Monocoque body, also called the integral body), especially in
sedan vehicle.

Separate Construction (Composite)
It is a type vehicle body construction where the body and chassis
separately. Linkage / connection between body and frame using
bolts and nuts. To improve comfort during use, then
between body and frame mounted rubber as a means of dampening vibration.

Construction framework of a separate body and this makes it easy
in replacement of vehicle body parts were damaged,
body especially the lower-or-break order. This construction
usually used on the old type of sedan vehicles, vehicle
passenger and freight cars. (Eg trucks, buses, pick-ups and
etc.).

Converge construction (monocoque)
It is a type vehicle body construction where the body and frame
composed into a single unit. This construction uses the principle of skin
eggs, which is a unified whole so that all load
divided evenly on all parts of the skin. Linkage between body and
order to use the weld.

Because the body and frame together, then the shape can become more
low compared with the composite type so that the point of gravity weight
lower will cause the vehicle more stable. This construction
used on the sedan, even a few vehicles MPV (Multi Purpose
Vehicle) began implementing monocoq body construction.

Frame Types
Based on the shape, order vehicles can be divided into several
types, namely: (a) order form H, (b) frame the perimeter, (c) frame
form X, (d) framework forms the backbone (backbone), and skeletal
form the floor (platform frame).

Order form H.
Its construction is very simple, easy to make, widely used for
vehicle bus, truck.

Perimeter Frame.
Framework of the perimeter is a revised form of H, the body attached
on the edge of the frame so that the position of the floor can be lowered. Reduction
floor of the vehicle will lower the center of the vehicle weight and height
reduced vehicle so that steering a steady, passenger space
become more freely, widely used for the sedan.

Order form X.
Beam frame construction consists of two rod-shaped main frame
longitudinal beams together in the middle. Place of engagement with
body and the doors can be made low enough for easy in and out
vehicles, robust against rotation, used to the old type sedan.

Order forms Spine (Back Bone).
Construction framework of a single model framework, the middle
bear the burden (back) and arms that stand out as the holder
body. This kind of frame construction also allows the center weight
vehicle is made lower. Construction framework of this model often
used for passenger cars and trucks.

Floor Model Frame (Frame Platform).
Body and frame welded into one, so it is a form
integrated, allowing the interior space is made large. Another advantage
the use of frame construction this model is resilient
good enough against bending and torsion.

READ MORE - > Body Construction Vehicles

> Statik

A. Statik

Statik ist die Lehre von Gleichgewicht Objekte,
einschließlich der Kräfte, die auf ein Objekt für Objekt
im Gleichgewicht ist.


a. Style
Der Stil ist etwas, Objekte zu schweigen Ursachen
verschieben oder anderweitig über den Umzug in Schweigen. Style kann
beschrieben als Vektor, also eine Menge, hat
Größe und Richtung. Der Stil ist in der Regel mit dem Buchstaben F. symbolisierte

Kräfte, die auf das Objekt oben, unter anderem: Gravity (W)
die immer auf die Betonung und die Richtung zentriert wird immer auf die Mitte
Gravitation der Erde. Style (F) kann parallel zur Oberfläche des Objekts oder
einem Winkel zur permukanan Podest. Die Kraft F kann
Vorlaufzeit (m) aus der Ruhe zu bewegen bis zu einem
Beschleunigung eines (m/s2), geschrieben werden kann:

    F = m (kg). a (m/s2) = Kg.m/s2 = Newton (N)
Wenn die Kraft F ist das Objekt entfernt (m) wird eine Abschwächung erleben
erst nach der Zeit t Sekunden wird das Objekt zu stoppen (Geschwindigkeit v = 0). Diese
wie sie durch eine raue Oberfläche, die die Kraft der Reibung hat (f)
die Richtung ist immer entgegengesetzt zur Bewegungsrichtung der Objekte. Magnitude f
je nach Preis geseknya Koeffizient (μ). Die gröberen
dann der Koeffizient geseknya Oberflächen (μ) wird sogar noch größer. Wenn
Reibungskraft größer als die Zugkraft (F), dann wird das Objekt zu stoppen (v
= 0). Friction (f) ist proportional zur Normalkraft (N) Objekte
oder geschrieben werden kann:

    f = u. N Newton
wobei: N = normale Kraft steht immer senkrecht auf die Oberfläche des Objekts
(Newton)
μ = Reibwert Oberfläche von Gegenständen (ohne Einheiten)

Die Anwendung der Reibung kann in dem Beispiel erläutert werden: Rad
noch eine stärkere Haftung als
mit Rädern, die Verschleiß / glatt. Bremsen auf den Asphalt besser
wenn sie mit der Oberfläche der Fliesen verglichen, weil der Asphalt μ
u größer ist als die keramische Oberfläche.


1) Bestimmen Sie die Kraft
Die Höhe der Kraft kann durch eine bestimmte Skala bestimmt werden, z. B. 1 cm
Newton für 1 oder einem Vielfachen davon. Einheit der Kraft wird bestimmt durch
SI-System von Einheiten (internationaler Standard), in dem es hieß Newton sind
(N). Die Linie Malstil, dass nach der Kraft F erweitert werden kann
Style fangen Punkt (A) entlang der Bahn bewegt werden, vorausgesetzt,
groß und die Länge gleich bleibt im Einklang mit Kraft F.


2) Entwicklung zwei Stile
Die Richtung der Bewegung und mehr Kraft auf das Objekt A ist geprägt durch zwei
Kraftkomponenten jeder Art von F1 und F2. Auswirkung der Kraft F1 und F2
des Objektes / A können durch Resultane Kraft (F) vertreten sein
Größe kann wie folgt ermittelt werden:


3) Entwicklung von mehr als zwei Stile
Ein drei Objekte unterworfen Kräfte F1, F2 und F3, dann ist die resultierende
Sein Stil kann wie folgt beschrieben werden:


Abrechnung der oben in die Siedlung grafisch bezeichnet,
aber es gibt auch eine Siedlung in einem Polygon (Vieleck) und
analytisch, dh, jeder Stil in die Achse beschrieben x und y.

4) Entwicklung von Verfahren Krafteck
Diese Methode durch die Übertragung der Kraft auf das Ende des P1 P2, P3 auf
Ende P2, P3 und P4 bis zum Ende der Kette ab. Verschiebung
Diese Kräfte müssen den gleichen Betrag und Richtung. Verschiebung
sequenziell und durchgeführt werden kann nach rechts oder links zu drehen. Resultierende
Kraft wird durch eine Linie von Punkt A zu den Enden der Stil erhalten
letztere, und die Richtung von A nach Flanke letzten Punkt Stil
es.


5) Die Konstruktion der analytischen Stil.
Um die resultierende Kraft kann auch geführt werden Wege
Analytisch, um sowohl die Größe, Position des Punktes von Getriebe,
und Richtung durch x-und y-Achse, die wie folgt lautet.


6) Beschreiben Style
Beschreibt den Stil kann durch die Beschreibung der Richtung getan werden
vertikalen und horizontalen senkrecht zueinander, oder jede
Komponente als die Seiten eines Parallelogramms mit spitzen Winkel
bestimmte leicht berechnen. Im Bild unten ist ein Beispiel für
eine Kraft F in F1 und F2 zerlegt, die einen Winkel bilden
verjüngen. Wenn zwei Designs können mit einem Stil ersetzt werden
Ersatz oder resultierende, dann umgekehrt, kann eine Art beschrieben werden
in zwei verschiedenen Stilen, von denen jeder durch die Komponente aufgerufen wird
Stil nach einem vorgegebenen Linie des Handelns.


b. Moment of Style und Kopel

1) Moment of Style
Moment der Kraft F um den Mittelpunkt O ist das Produkt aus
Größe der Kraft F mit Abstand Kraftlinien, um den Mittelpunkt O. Größe
Moment hängt von der Größe der Kraft F und Abstand Kraftlinien gegen
Drehpunkt (L). Auf dem Gebiet des Maschinenbaus tritt oft im Moment
beim Anziehen der Schraube oder Mutter, Schneidplatten, Feder-System,
und so weiter.


F = Kraft
L = Abstand der Mittelpunkt von Gewalt gegen
M = Moment der Kraft

In SI-Einheiten (internationaler Standard), hat im Moment Einheiten
Newtonmetern (N.m). Ein Moment ist positiv (+), wenn der Moment
dreht sich im Uhrzeigersinn und negativen Wert (-), wenn der Spin
entgegengesetzter Richtung im Uhrzeigersinn. Wenn es mehrere Designs
nicht eine Art von Arbeit wie das Bild unten, im Moment seines Stils
ist die Anzahl der Augenblick Augenblick Stil, der Stil auf den Punkt.


2) Kupplung
Eine Kopplung tritt auf, wenn zwei Kräfte gleich groß und
Arbeiten Linie parallel zu, aber entgegengesetzt gerichtet, die sowohl
neigt dazu, Rotation verursachen. (Siehe Bild unten)


Zwei dieser Stile Ergebnis in einem Zyklus von Größe
ist das Produkt aus Kraft mit der Entfernung. Die Anwendung der Kupplung kann
Filz bei der Erstellung der Schraube oder Mutter, wo unsere Hände
übt eine Kraft auf den zweiten Hebel spielen und tippen Sie auf die gleiche snei großen
aber die entgegengesetzte Richtung.

c. Gleichgewicht

1) Definition des Gleichgewichts
Allgemeine Gleichgewicht ist die Anzahl der Momente von Gewalt gegen
Gleichgewichtspunkt (o) gleich Null.

F1-Stil Moment O, M1 = - F1. a (im Uhrzeigersinn),
Moment der Kraft F2 gegen O, M2 = + F2. b (Gegenrichtung Uhrzeigersinn)
Equilibrium Gleichung:

    E Mo = 0

    F 2. b - F 1. a = 0

Einheit Moment: Nm oder kg.m, kg.cm, ton.m. Application Berechnungen
Momente sind in der Regel in die Berechnung der Hebezeuge verwendet
einfach, wie Hebel, Hebel oder Brecheisen.

2) Das Gleichgewicht in der schrägen Objekt
Objekt auf einer schiefen Ebene in einer stationären oder beweglichen Bedingungen
die Kräfte, die es beeinflussen, einschließlich der Schwerkraft, Reibung
(F), externe Kraft und Normalkraft (N). Gravity (W) ist an der Stelle gelegen
zentrale Objekt und seine Richtung wird immer in Richtung der Mitte der Erde, die Reibungskraft (f)
Richtung ist immer entgegengesetzt zur Bewegungsrichtung der Objekte können externe Kräfte
einem großen F und seine Richtung ist abhängig von der Quelle. Style
normal (N) ist eine Reaktion gegen das Objekt Sockel, vertikaler Richtung
direkt auf die Oberfläche. F-Wert hängt von der Richtung des Objekts ang
zu arbeiten. Die folgende Abbildung zeigt die Kräfte parallel
Feld Flugbahn.


Abgewinkelt dreieckigen Zeigerdiagramm, in denen:

    F / mg = sin O
Wenn Reibung vernachlässigt, um weiterhin ausgeglichen, die Kraft F an:

    F = W sin O und

    N = W cos O

READ MORE - > Statik

> Statika

A. Statika

Statika adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang kesetimbangan benda,
termasuk gaya-gaya yang bekerja pada sebuah benda agar benda
tersebut dalam keadaan setimbang.

a. Gaya
Gaya adalah sesuatu yang menyebabkan benda diam menjadi
bergerak atau sebaliknya dari bergerak menjadi diam. Gaya dapat
digambarkan sebagai sebuah vektor, yaitu besaran yang mempunyai
besar dan arah. Gaya biasanya disimbolkan dengan huruf F.

Gaya yang bekerja pada benda di atas antara lain: Gaya berat (W)
yang selalu berpusat pada titik beratnya dan arahnya selalu ke pusat
grafitasi bumi. Gaya (F) dapat sejajar dengan permukaan benda atau
membentuk sudut 􀄮 dengan permukanan tumpuan. Gaya F dapat
menyebabkan masa (m) dari diam menjadi bergerak hingga memiliki
percepatan sebesar a (m/s2), dapat dituliskan :

F = m (Kg) . a (m/s2) = Kg.m/s2 = Newton (N)

Bila gaya F dihilangkan benda (m) akan mengalami perlambatan
hingga setelah waktu t detik benda akan berhenti (kecepatan v=0). Hal ini
karena benda melewati permukaan kasar yang memiliki gaya gesek (f)
yang arahnya selalu berlawanan dengan arah gerak benda. Besarnya f
tergantung pada harga koefisien geseknya (μ). Semakin kasar
permukaan benda maka koefisien geseknya (μ) akan semakin besar. Bila
gaya gesek lebih besar dari gaya tarik (F), maka benda akan berhenti (v
= 0). Gaya gesek (f) berbanding lurus dengan gaya normal (N) benda
atau dapat dituliskan :

f = u . N Newton

di mana: N = gaya normal yang selalu tegak lurus permukaan benda
(Newton)
μ = koefisien gesek permukaan benda (tanpa satuan)

Aplikasi dari gaya gesek dapat diilustrasikan pada contoh: roda yang
masih baru akan memiliki cengkeraman yang lebih kuat dibanding
dengan roda yang aus/halus. Pengereman di permukaan aspal lebih baik
bila dibandingkan dengan di permukaan lantai keramik, karena μ aspal
lebih besar dari u permukaan keramik.

1) Menentukan besarnya gaya
Besarnya gaya dapat ditentukan oleh skala tertentu, misalnya 1 cm
mewakili 1 Newton atau kelipatannya. Satuan gaya ditentukan oleh
sistem satuan SI (standar internasional) yang dinyatakan dengan Newton
(N). Garis lukisan gaya itu dapat diperpanjang sesuai besarnya gaya F.
Titik tangkap gaya (A) dapat dipindahkan sepanjang lintasannya, asalkan
besar dan panjangnya tetap sama sesuai dengan gaya F.

2) Menyusun dua buah gaya
Arah gerak dan besar gaya pada benda A dipengaruhi oleh dua
komponen gaya masing-masing gaya F1 dan F2. Pengaruh gaya F1 dan F2
terhadap benda/titik A dapat diwakili oleh Resultane gaya (F) yang
besarnya dapat ditentukan sebagai berikut:

3) Menyusun lebih dari dua gaya
Benda A dikenai tiga buah gaya F1, F2 dan F3, maka resultan
gayanya dapat dijabarkan sebagai berikut:

Penyelesaian di atas disebut dengan penyelesaian secara grafis,
namun ada juga penyelesaian secara Poligon (segi banyak) dan secara
analitis, yaitu setiap gaya diuraikan kedalam sumbu x dan y.

4) Menyusun gaya dengan metode poligon
Metode ini dengan cara memindahkan gaya P2 ke ujung P1, P3 ke
ujung P2, P4 ke ujung P3 dan seterusnya secara berantai. Pemindahan
gaya-gaya tersebut besar dan arahnya harus sama. Pemindahan
dilakukan berurutan dan dapat berputar ke kanan atau ke kiri. Resultan
gaya diperoleh dengan menarik garis dari titik A sampai ke ujung gaya
yang terakhir, dan arahnya adalah dari A menuju titik ujung gaya terakhir
itu.

5) Menyusun gaya secara Analitis.
Untuk mencari resultan gaya juga dapat diakukan dengan cara
analitis, baik untuk menentukan besarnya, kedudukan titik tangkapnya,
maupun arahnya melalui sumbu x dan y, yaitu sebagai berikut.

6) Menguraikan Gaya
Menguraikan gaya dapat dilakukan dengan menguraikan pada arah
vertikal dan horizontal yang saling tegak lurus, atau masing-masing
komponen sebagai sisi-sisi dari jajaran genjang dengan sudut lancip
tertentu yang mudah dihitung. Pada gambar dibawah ini diberikan contoh
sebuah gaya F yang diuraikan menjadi F1 dan F2 yang membentuk sudut
lancip 􀄮. Jika dua buah gaya dapat digantikan dengan sebuah gaya
pengganti atau resultan, maka sebaliknya, sebuah gaya dapat diuraikan
menjadi dua buah gaya yang masing-masing disebut dengan komponen
gaya menurut garis kerja yang sudah ditentukan.

b. Momen Gaya dan Kopel

1) Momen Gaya
Momen gaya F terhadap titik pusat O adalah hasil kali antara
besarnya gaya F dengan jarak garis gaya, ke titik pusat O. Besarnya
momen tergantung dari besarnya gaya F dan jarak garis gaya terhadap
titik putarnya (L). Dalam bidang teknik mesin momen sering terjadi pada
saat mengencangkan mur atau baut, pengguntingan pelat, sistem pegas,
dan sebagainya.

Dimana F = gaya
L = jarak gaya terhadap titik pusat
M = Momen gaya

Dalam satuan SI (standar international), momen memiliki satuan
Newton meter (N.m). Suatu momen adalah positif (+) jika momen itu
berputar searah jarum jam, dan berharga negatif (-) jika berputar
berlawanan arah putaran jarum jam. Jika terdapat beberapa gaya yang
tidak satu garis kerja seperti gambar di bawah maka momen gayanya
adalah jumlah dari momen gaya-momen gaya itu terhadap titik tersebut.

2) Kopel
Sebuah kopel terjadi jika dua gaya dengan ukuran yang sama dan
garis kerjanya sejajar tetapi arahnya berlawanan, yang keduanya
cenderung menimbulkan perputaran. (lihat gambar di bawah ini)

Dua gaya tersebut mengakibatkan suatu putaran yang besarnya
merupakan hasil kali gaya dengan jaraknya. Aplikasi dari kopel dapat
dirasakan ketika membuat mur atau baut, dimana tangan kita
memberikan gaya putar pada kedua tuas snei dan tap yang sama besar
namun berlawanan arah.


c. Kesetimbangan

1) Pengertian kesetimbangan
Syarat kesetimbangan adalah jumlah momen-momen gaya terhadap
titik kesetimbangan (o) sama dengan nol.

Momen gaya F1 terhadap O, M1 = - F1 . a (searah Jarum Jam),
momen gaya F2 terhadap O, M2 = +F2 .b (berlawanan arah Jarum Jam)
Persamaan kesetimbangannya:

E Mo = 0
F 2. b - F 1 . a = 0

Satuan momen: Nm atau kg.m, kg.cm, ton.m. Aplikasi perhitungan
momen biasanya dipergunakan dalam perhitungan pada alat angkat
sederhana, seperti pengungkit, tuas atau linggis.

2) Kesetimbangan pada benda miring
Benda pada bidang miring dalam kondisi diam atau bergerak memiliki
gaya-gaya yang mempengaruhinya, antara lain gaya berat, gaya gesek
(f), gaya luar dan gaya normal (N). Gaya berat (W) terletak pada titik
pusat benda dan arahnya selalu menuju pusat bumi, gaya gesek (f)
arahnya selalu berlawanan dengan arah gerak benda, gaya luar dapat
berupa F yang besar dan arahnya tergantung pada sumbernya. Gaya
normal (N) merupakan reaksi tumpuan terhadap benda, arahnya tegak
lurus dengan permukaan bidang. Nilai F tergantung pada arah benda ang
bekerja. Gambar di bawah ini menunjukkan gaya yang bekerja sejajar
bidang lintasan.

Diagram vektor berbentuk segitiga siku di mana :

F/mg = sin O

Jika gesekan diabaikan, agar tetap setimbang maka gaya F sebesar:

F = W sin O dan
N = W Cos O

READ MORE - > Statika

> Scope Graphic technology

Graphic is a technique or way of delivering messages,
ideas, information, thoughts, impressions, feelings through multiplication
by way of printed and presented to the audience. Graphic is
technology that allows the characters minds of hundreds and even
thousands of years ago down to us in the form of printouts. Because services
graphics as well, then all the affairs of modern man made easier or
already is a mechanism that can not be abandoned
from before birth to the grave.

Even a few years
after human in the grave still need it, especially those
regarding the contract land burial. Starting from the pack of matches
fire, diplomas, report cards, newspapers, magazines, textbooks, newspapers,
magazine, a certificate, a certificate, marriage licenses, stamps, brochures,
folders, banners, company profiles, forms, tickets, stamps, banknotes,
invoices, receipts, vehicle registration, tax letters, identity cards, passports, documents, trade,
regulations, packaging (paper, cardboard, cans, plastics, etc.) to the posters
and printed form with great size, marketable securities
used in banks, and very many types, shapes, number of
printed matter in masyarakat.semua is the work of human
can only be realized through graphics technology.

Industrial graphics / printing press in Indonesia is still
has not been able to equalize itself with the industry quality standard graphics
internationally, especially Asia and Australia. Consequently, the graphic arts industry
Indonesia has not been able to play a role in responding to market challenges
global. In other words not "Go International" One
cause it still has not met the human resources
(HR) is competent.

Changes in technology, particularly in precast very graphic
revolutionary. Changes in software and hardware is almost in
a matter of months. Technology desk top publishing (DTP) which has recently
develops, extends to computer to film, computer to plate, computer to
press, and print on demand. In line with these developments,
conventional printing technology began to shift towards digital print.

Technological developments and chart the ever-changing market
quickly make the perpetrators of these industries should be tertuntut
customize it. The time factor are the main attraction for
graphic arts industry, in addition to the cheap fare. Cost of production
can be suppressed by use of the latest tech tools. Progress
information technology is very big influence on the development of
printing technology, so that wherever we are always
looked at and use printed material.

General description of functions and types of printed material such
many and varied demands complete graphic arts industry equipment
of adequate quality and quantity, and readiness resources
human capital as a determinant of the success of production.

READ MORE - > Scope Graphic technology

> Scope Graphische Technik

Grafik ist eine Technik, oder über die Zustellung von Nachrichten,
Ideen, Informationen, Gedanken, Eindrücke, Gefühle durch Multiplikation
durch gedruckte und präsentierte dem Publikum vor. Grafik wird
Technologie, die die Zeichen Köpfen von Hunderten erlaubt und sogar
vor Tausenden von Jahren zu uns in Form von Ausdrucken. Da Dienste
Grafiken sowie machten dann alle Angelegenheiten des modernen Menschen leichter oder
schon ist ein Mechanismus, die nicht zu verlassen
aus der Zeit vor der Geburt bis zum Grab.

Sogar ein paar Jahren
nach Menschen in das Grab noch brauchen, vor allem
bezüglich des Vertrages Land begraben. Ausgehend von der Packung Streichhölzer
Feuer, Diplome, Zeugnisse, Zeitungen, Zeitschriften, Bücher, Zeitschriften,
Magazin, ein Zeugnis, eine Bescheinigung, die Ehe Lizenzen, Briefmarken, Broschüren,
Ordner, Banner, Firmenprofile, Formulare, Tickets, Briefmarken, Banknoten,
Rechnungen, Quittungen, Fahrzeugschein, Steuer-Briefe, Ausweise, Pässe, Dokumente, Handel,
Vorschriften, die Verpackung (Papier, Karton, Dosen, Plastik, etc.), um die Plakate
und gedruckter Form mit großer Größe, Wertpapiere
verwendet in Banken, und sehr viele Arten, Formen, Anzahl der
Drucksachen in masyarakat.semua ist die Arbeit der Menschen
kann nur durch Grafik-Technologie realisiert werden.

Industrielle Grafik / Druckerei in Indonesien ist nach wie vor
ist es nicht gelungen, sich mit den Industrie-Standard-Grafik Qualität ausgleichen
international, vor allem Asien und Australien. Folglich ist die grafische Industrie
Indonesien ist es nicht gelungen, eine Rolle bei der Reaktion auf Herausforderungen des Marktes spielen
global. Mit anderen Worten nicht "Go International" One
es immer noch Sache hat nicht die personellen Ressourcen erfüllt
(HR) zuständig ist.

Änderungen in der Technologie, insbesondere im Fertigteilwerk sehr anschaulich
Revolutionär. Änderungen in Soft-und Hardware ist fast in
eine Frage von Monaten. Technology Desk Top Publishing (DTP), die kürzlich
entwickelt, erstreckt sich auf Computer to Film, Computer to Plate, Computer
Presse und Print on Demand. Im Einklang mit diesen Entwicklungen
konventionellen Drucktechnik begann in Richtung Digitaldruck verlagern.

Technologische Entwicklungen und Diagramm der sich ständig verändernden Markt
schnell die Verantwortlichen für diese Industrien sollten tertuntut werden
anpassen. Der Faktor Zeit sind die Hauptattraktion für
grafischen Industrie, zusätzlich zu den günstigen Tarif. Die Produktionskosten
kann durch Einsatz der neuesten Tech-Tools unterdrückt werden. Progress
Informationstechnologie ist sehr großen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung von
Drucktechnik, so dass, wo immer wir sind immer
sah und gedrucktem Material zu verwenden.

Allgemeine Beschreibung der Funktionen und Arten von Drucksachen wie
vielfältigen Anforderungen kompletten grafischen Industrie Ausrüstung
von ausreichender Qualität und Quantität, und die Bereitschaft Ressourcen
Humankapital als Faktor für den Erfolg der Produktion.

READ MORE - > Scope Graphische Technik